Abstract by Nastasia Herold & Thérèse Ottawa
Ethics and responsibilities of open access – lessons learned from the Wikipedia project of the Atikamekw First Nation
With 97,9% (cf. INAC 2019), in Canada, the Atikamekw First Nation has the highest percentage of people who speak their native language (Atikamekw) at home. The Atikamekw live in Quebec, Canada, and have a population of 8,000 people in three communities.
In 2013, Nastasia Herold, one of the authors of this paper did a field study in Manawan, one of the three Atikamekw communities, for a research on the local bilingualism (Atikamekw and French). Despite the vitality of the Atikamekw language, a survey and interviews showed that francization and language change are processes noticed by all living generations of the Atikamekw (cf. Herold 2020: N.N.).
Communication takes place more and more often digitally (cf. Reichert 2017: 26-27), and this in written language rather than orally. Atikamekw has a standardized orthography since 1994 (cf. Dinnison 21997) and is taught in Manawan’s primary school as a first language and as medium of alphabetization. However, Herold’s (2019: 103) research in 2013 showed that the Internet contained no written text in the Atikamekw language, the Atikamekw used the Internet mainly in French. This is why a school project at Manawan’s secondary school was initiated in 2013 in order to create a Wikipedia site in the Atikamekw language.
Many lessons have been learned during the collaboration of academics, teachers, pupils, local language experts and other local voluntary contributors. The lessons we would like to focus on in this presentation are the lessons learned when implementing cultural knowledge to an open access platform. Open access is the free provision of (scientific) texts on the web without restriction of use (cf. Kohle 2017: 203), and this free provision has advantages and disadvantages.
We will give four examples which show that the Atikamekw made sure that the knowledge was published respecting their own principles, beliefs and tradition. These four examples and the development of the project show how it is important that the community itself dictates rules that have to be respected when publishing their knowledge under open access.
Finally we will answer Rehbein’s and Thies’ (2017: 355) question they developed as a schema for questions of responsibilities and ethics of a specific project: Who (1) is responsible for what (2) to whom (3) before which instance (4) according to which standards (5)?
References
Dinnison, Bonnie (21997): Guide orthographique de la langue atikamekw. La Tuque: Atikamekw Sipi.
Herold, Nastasia (2019): “Kulturbedingte Herausforderungen für schulische und gesellschaftliche Teilhabe in indigenen Reservaten Kanadas: Das Beispiel des Atikamekw-Dorfes Manawan in Québec”, in: Jahr, David / Kruschel, Robert (eds.): Inklusion in Kanada. Internationale Perspektiven auf heterogenitätssensible Bildung. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa 92-106.
Herold, Nastasia (2020): “La situation linguistique bilingue dans la communauté atikamekw de Manawan – La consolidation d’une langue minoritaire”, in: Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, N.N. [submitted].
INAC (26/09/2019): Tribal Council Detail. Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw
Kohle, Hubertus (2017): “Digitales Publizieren”, in: Jannidis, Fotis / Kohle, Hubertus / Rehbein, Malte (eds.): Digital Humanities. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler 199-205.
Rehbein, Malte / Thies, Christian (2017): “Ethik”, in: Jannidis, Fotis / Kohle, Hubertus / Rehbein, Malte (eds.): Digital Humanities. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler 353-357.
Reichert, Ramón (2017): “Theorien digitaler Medien”, in: Jannidis, Fotis / Kohle, Hubertus / Rehbein, Malte (eds.): Digital Humanities. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler 19-34.