<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title type="full"><title type="main">How Do You Spell “??”?</title><title type="sub">The expansion of Unicode and the blurred line between text and image in digital space</title></title></titleStmt><author><persName><surname>Hackney</surname><forename>S.E.</forename></persName><affiliation>University of Pittsburgh, United States of America</affiliation><email>s.hackney@pitt.edu</email></author><editionStmt><edition><date>43878</date></edition></editionStmt><publicationStmt><publisher>Name, Institution</publisher><address><addrLine>Street</addrLine><addrLine>City</addrLine><addrLine>Country</addrLine><addrLine>Name</addrLine></address></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><p>Converted from an OASIS Open Document</p></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><appInfo><application ident="DHCONVALIDATOR" version="1.22"><label>DHConvalidator</label></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="ConfTool" n="category"><term>Paper</term></keywords><keywords scheme="ConfTool" n="subcategory"><term>Short Presentation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="ConfTool" n="keywords"><term>Unicode</term><term>Emojis</term><term>Standards</term><term>Digital Text</term><term>FRBR</term></keywords><keywords scheme="ConfTool" n="topics"><term>Global</term><term>English</term><term>North America</term><term>20th Century</term><term>Contemporary</term><term>metadata standards, systems, and methods</term><term>text encoding and markup language creation, deployment, and analysis</term><term>Library &amp; information science</term><term>Philology</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><text><body><p>This paper argues that while pictographs such as &#8220;??&#8221; have been a part of Unicode since its initial launch in 1991, the 2010 introduction of emoji characters represents a major shift in the way that digital text is defined and standardized, and that this shift has major infrastructural and cultural implications for how we regulate and circulate language in digital space., It does this by examining the rules of the Unicode Standard, as well as through a reading of the official definitions and meanings-in-use of several emoji and non-emoji characters, and applying the LIS framework Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to how those characters exist and are circulated.</p></body></text></TEI>